Thermal cracking is a type of cracking process used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. It is a process by which heavier hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into lighter molecules by the use of heat, usually in the presence of a catalyst. This process is used to produce more useful and valuable …
Combustion of hydrocarbons is a chemical reaction that occurs when hydrocarbons (e.g. methane, ethane, propane, etc.) react with oxygen in the presence of heat. The reaction produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of heat.
Polymerisation is a chemical process in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. This process is used in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, and other materials. The molecules involved in the process are typically monomers, which are small molecules that can be linked together to form a polymer. Polymerisation …
Addition reactions are chemical reactions in which two or more molecules or atoms combine to form a larger molecule. This reaction usually involves breaking one or more chemical bonds and creating at least one new chemical bond. A common example of an addition reaction is the combination of two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule …
Substitution reactions involve the replacement of an atom or group of atoms in a molecule with another atom or group of atoms. Examples of substitution reactions include nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic substitution. In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile (an electron-rich species) attacks the substrate (the molecule undergoing the reaction) and replaces one of its …
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Isomerism is a phenomenon that occurs when two or more molecules have the same molecular formula, but different structural and/or stereo chemical arrangements. This can occur in both organic and inorganic molecules, and is classified into various types, such as structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, and conformational isomerism.
An alkoxy group is a functional group with the general formula R-O-R’, where R and R’ are alkyl groups. Examples include methoxy (CH3-O-CH3) or ethoxy (CH3-O-CH2CH3).
In organic chemistry, a halo group is a functional group consisting of one or more halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to an aromatic or aliphatic carbon atom. For example, CF3, or trifluoromethyl group, is a halo group. Halo groups are classified as alkyl or aryl depending on the type of carbon to which …
A carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (OH). Carboxylic groups are found in many organic molecules, especially those containing fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Examples of molecules containing carboxylic groups include acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid.
Functional groups are groups of atoms in organic molecules that are responsible for the chemical behaviour of the molecule. They are usually composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, as well as other elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur. Examples of functional groups include alcohols, phenols, amines, and carboxylic acids.